Refactor/opcodes self deduct gas

[daniellehrner]

PR description

Move gas deduction from EVM loop into individual opcodes

Problem

EIP-8037 (multidimensional gas metering) requires that regular gas is charged before state gas for opcodes like SSTORE, SELFDESTRUCT, and CREATE. However, the EVM loop deducts regular gas after an operation's execute() returns while state gas is consumed during execute() via frame.consumeStateGas().

This forces an ugly decrement-then-increment workaround: operations temporarily deduct regular gas before the state gas charge, then add it back so the EVM loop can re-deduct it:

  frame.decrementRemainingGas(cost);    // deduct so state gas sees correct gasRemaining
  // ... charge state gas ...
  frame.incrementRemainingGas(cost);    // undo, because EVM loop will deduct again
  return new OperationResult(cost, null);

Solution

Each opcode now deducts its own gas inside execute() / staticOperation(). The EVM loop no longer performs gas deduction, it only checks for halt reasons.

• Fixed-cost operations (76 ops via AbstractFixedCostOperation): gas deducted in staticOperation() or executeFixedCostOperation() (non-delegating ops)
• Variable-cost operations (~25 ops): decrementRemainingGas(cost) < 0 replaces the separate check + deduction pattern
• EVM.java: removed the post-execution frame.decrementRemainingGas(result.getGasCost()) from the main loop
• State gas ordering (SSTORE, SELFDESTRUCT, CREATE, CALL): regular gas deduction naturally precedes state gas — no workaround needed

Fixed Issue(s)

Thanks for sending a pull request! Have you done the following?

• Checked out our contribution guidelines?
• Considered documentation and added the doc-change-required label to this PR if updates are required.
• Considered the changelog and included an update if required.
• For database changes (e.g. KeyValueSegmentIdentifier) considered compatibility and performed forwards and backwards compatibility tests

Locally, you can run these tests to catch failures early:

• spotless: ./gradlew spotlessApply
• unit tests: ./gradlew build
• acceptance tests: ./gradlew acceptanceTest
• integration tests: ./gradlew integrationTest
• reference tests: ./gradlew ethereum:referenceTests:referenceTests
• hive tests: Engine or other RPCs modified?