Add cross-client execution metrics and slow block logging by macfarla · Pull Request #9834 · hyperledger/besu

macfarla · 2026-02-18T01:22:15Z

PR description

Summary

Implement standardized JSON format for slow block logging to enable cross-client performance analysis and protocol research.

This change is part of the Cross-Client Execution Metrics initiative proposed by Gary Rong and CPerezz.

Motivation

Standardized execution metrics are critical for:

Cross-client performance comparison
Network health monitoring
Data-driven protocol research

Real-world example: The EIP-7907 analysis used execution metrics to measure code read latency, per-call overhead scaling, and block execution breakdown. Without standardized metrics across clients, such analysis cannot be validated cross-client.

References

Original proposal: https://hackmd.io/dg7rizTyTXuCf2LSa2LsyQ (Gary Rong)
EIP-7907 analysis: https://ethresear.ch/t/data-driven-analysis-on-eip-7907/23850

JSON Format

{
  "level": "warn",
  "msg": "Slow block",
  "block": { "number": ..., "hash": ..., "gas_used": ..., "tx_count": ... },
  "timing": { "execution_ms": ..., "total_ms": ... },
  "throughput": { "mgas_per_sec": ... },
  "state_reads": { "accounts": ..., "storage_slots": ..., "code": ..., "code_bytes": ... },
  "state_writes": { "accounts": ..., "storage_slots": ... },
  "cache": {
    "account": { "hits": ..., "misses": ..., "hit_rate": ... },
    "storage": { ... },
    "code": { ... }
  },
  "evm": { "sload": ..., "sstore": ..., "calls": ..., "creates": ... }
}

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Checked out our contribution guidelines?
Considered documentation and added the doc-change-required label to this PR if updates are required.
Considered the changelog and included an update if required.
For database changes (e.g. KeyValueSegmentIdentifier) considered compatibility and performed forwards and backwards compatibility tests

Locally, you can run these tests to catch failures early:

spotless: ./gradlew spotlessApply
unit tests: ./gradlew build
acceptance tests: ./gradlew acceptanceTest
integration tests: ./gradlew integrationTest
reference tests: ./gradlew ethereum:referenceTests:referenceTests
hive tests: Engine or other RPCs modified?

Implements standardized execution metrics collection for block processing performance monitoring, following the cross-client execution metrics specification. Key features: - SlowBlockTracer: logs detailed JSON metrics for blocks exceeding a configurable threshold (--slow-block-threshold CLI flag or -Dbesu.execution.slowBlockThresholdMs) - StateMetricsCollector: instance-based metrics collection threaded through the world state object graph, replacing ThreadLocal-based approaches - ExecutionStats: tracks timing breakdowns, state access counts, cache performance, and EVM operation counts (SLOAD, SSTORE, CALL, CREATE) - BlockAwareTracerAggregator: composable tracer pattern for combining multiple block-aware operation tracers - ExecutionMetricsTracer: EVM-level tracer for opcode counting - Parallel execution support with metrics aggregation across background threads Co-authored-by: CPerezz <c@cperezz.dev> Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Copilot

Pull request overview

This PR implements standardized JSON-format slow block logging to enable cross-client performance analysis and protocol research. It introduces a comprehensive execution metrics system that collects detailed statistics about block execution including timing, state access patterns, cache performance, and EVM operation counts following the cross-client execution metrics specification.

Changes:

Added ExecutionStats/ExecutionStatsTracer classes to collect block execution metrics across the EVM and state layers
Introduced SlowBlockTracer for logging slow blocks in standardized JSON format with 38 metric fields
Extended MetricsConfiguration with executionMetricsEnabled flag and slow block threshold configuration

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 43 out of 43 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
metrics/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/metrics/prometheus/MetricsConfiguration.java	Added executionMetricsEnabled field to metrics configuration
evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/tracing/ExecutionMetricsTracer.java	New EVM-level tracer for collecting operation counts (SLOAD/SSTORE/CALL/CREATE)
ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/ExecutionStats.java	Core metrics collection class implementing StateMetricsCollector interface
ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/SlowBlockTracer.java	Block-aware tracer that logs slow blocks in standardized JSON format
ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/parallelization/ParallelizedConcurrentTransactionProcessor.java	Extended to support metrics collection during parallel transaction execution
ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/AbstractBlockProcessor.java	Integrated SlowBlockTracer into block processing pipeline
ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/ProtocolContext.java	Added slowBlockThresholdMs configuration
app/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/cli/options/MetricsOptions.java	Added CLI options for execution metrics and slow block threshold
acceptance-tests/tests/src/acceptanceTest/java/org/hyperledger/besu/tests/acceptance/SlowBlockMetricsValidationTest.java	Comprehensive acceptance test validating all 38 JSON metric fields

Comments suppressed due to low confidence (2)

ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/trie/pathbased/common/worldview/accumulator/PathBasedWorldStateUpdateAccumulator.java:1

The change from parallelStream() to stream() removes parallelism from account updates. This could impact performance for blocks with many account modifications. Consider documenting why this change was necessary (likely for metrics collection ordering) or re-evaluate if sequential processing is required here.
ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/ExecutionStatsIntegrationTest.java:1
This TODO indicates incomplete implementation of code write metrics. Consider creating a tracking issue for this follow-up work and referencing it in the comment for better traceability.

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Copilot · 2026-02-18T05:51:47Z

ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/AbstractBlockProcessor.java

+      // Persist before traceEndBlock so that state root calculation (trie cache lookups,
+      // state_hash_ms timing) occurs while ExecutionStatsHolder is still set on this thread.


The reordering of worldState.persist() before blockTracer.traceEndBlock() changes the execution flow significantly. While the comment explains the reasoning for metrics timing, this could have subtle effects on tracer behavior. Ensure all block tracers are compatible with receiving traceEndBlock after state persistence completes.

Since SlowBlockTracer is now standalone and only reads from ExecutionStatsHolder at traceEndBlock, this ordering is actually correct — it needs persist to have run so
state_hash_ms timing is captured.

.../org/hyperledger/besu/tests/acceptance/slowblock/report/SlowBlockMetricsReportGenerator.java

...cceptanceTest/java/org/hyperledger/besu/tests/acceptance/SlowBlockMetricsValidationTest.java

ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/AbstractBlockProcessor.java

...eum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/BlockAwareTracerAggregator.java

macfarla · 2026-02-18T10:48:45Z

example output for hoodi block https://hoodi.etherscan.io/block/2259313

{"@timestamp":"2026-02-18T10:34:15,936","level":"WARN","thread":"vert.x-worker-thread-0","class":"SlowBlock","message":"{"level":"warn","msg":"Slow block","block":{"number":2259313,"hash":"0x96629cd754416caa4a4976f9d5b740929a005d7b294940a935a2f748d924277e","gas_used":59712075,"tx_count":55},"timing":{"execution_ms":543.260524,"state_read_ms":5.470963,"state_hash_ms":2.01084,"commit_ms":1.238452,"total_ms":546.509816},"throughput":{"mgas_per_sec":109.91},"state_reads":{"accounts":141,"storage_slots":214,"code":68,"code_bytes":456956},"state_writes":{"accounts":208,"storage_slots":83,"code":0,"code_bytes":0,"eip7702_delegations_set":0,"eip7702_delegations_cleared":0},"cache":{"account":{"hits":1,"misses":0,"hit_rate":100.0},"storage":{"hits":1,"misses":0,"hit_rate":100.0},"code":{"hits":68,"misses":0,"hit_rate":100.0}},"unique":{"accounts":0,"storage_slots":0,"contracts":0},"evm":{"sload":298,"sstore":70,"calls":131,"creates":1}}","throwable":""}

compared with debug_traceBockByNumber

dev-elc-bu-nb-hoodi-sally-9660-tracing-5-rebased-snap:~$ python3 ~/compare-opcodes.py --rpc http://127.0.0.1:8545 --block 2259313
Tracing block 2259313 via http://127.0.0.1:8545 ...
  Block exists: 55 transactions, gas used: 59,712,075
  RPC: debug_traceBlockByNumber ["0x227971", {}]
  55 transactions traced

=== All opcodes (descending) ===
  PUSH1                 3,876,716
  PUSH2                 2,585,111
  JUMPDEST              1,293,189
  JUMPI                 1,292,877
  POP                   1,292,204
  JUMP                  1,292,141
  ADD                   1,292,006
  LT                    1,291,003
  GAS                   1,290,758
  DUP1                      1,907
  SWAP1                     1,796
  DUP2                      1,723
  MSTORE                    1,215
  PUSH4                     1,013
  DUP3                        967
  SWAP2                       943
  EQ                          861
  MLOAD                       798
  SUB                         795
  ISZERO                      755
  AND                         735
  PUSH0                       672
  DUP4                        629
  SHL                         526
  GT                          434
  SWAP3                       427
  DUP5                        318
  CALLDATASIZE                316
  SLOAD                       298
  PUSH32                      291
  CALLDATALOAD                240
  SWAP4                       226
  DUP6                        178
  RETURNDATASIZE              170
  SHR                         146
  OR                          143
  DUP7                        142
  NOT                         136
  KECCAK256                   135
  SLT                         132
  RETURN                      124
  SWAP5                       110
  MUL                         109
  CALLVALUE                   103
  PUSH8                        85
  PUSH20                       80
  DUP8                         78
  PUSH3                        76
  SWAP6                        70
  SSTORE                       70
  CALLER                       66
  STATICCALL                   65
  STOP                         63
  CALLDATACOPY                 59
  DIV                          57
  RETURNDATACOPY               48
  DELEGATECALL                 45
  DUP9                         37
  PUSH6                        31
  LOG1                         28
  DUP11                        27
  DUP10                        25
  EXP                          25
  SWAP7                        24
  CODESIZE                     24
  EXTCODESIZE                  23
  TIMESTAMP                    21
  CALL                         21
  CODECOPY                     18
  SWAP8                        12
  DUP12                         9
  DUP14                         9
  SWAP10                        8
  PUSH21                        8
  PUSH16                        8
  DUP13                         7
  ADDRESS                       7
  NUMBER                        6
  LOG3                          6
  SWAP9                         5
  MULMOD                        5
  SGT                           4
  PUSH5                         4
  MOD                           4
  LOG4                          4
  PUSH10                        4
  SWAP12                        4
  LOG2                          3
  SWAP11                        3
  TSTORE                        2
  CHAINID                       2
  PUSH19                        2
  BLOCKHASH                     2
  SWAP15                        2
  PUSH9                         2
  BALANCE                       2
  TLOAD                         1
  BLOBHASH                      1
  MCOPY                         1
  PUSH12                        1
  PUSH13                        1
  PUSH25                        1
  CREATE                        1
  ORIGIN                        1
  DUP15                         1
  SWAP14                        1
  SWAP16                        1
  DUP16                         1
  SWAP13                        1
  PUSH17                        1
  PUSH14                        1
  SELFBALANCE                   1

=== Mapped to SlowBlockTracer categories ===
  metric        debug_trace
  ------------ ------------
  sload                 298
  sstore                 70
  calls                 131
  creates                 1

…n-metrics-standardization-rebased

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

…sage Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T09:32:10Z

evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/tracing/OperationTracer.java

+   *
+   * @return the list of logs, empty by default
+   */
+  default java.util.List<Log> getLogs() {


Is this related to this PR ?

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T09:35:48Z

ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/SlowBlockTracer.java

+   * @return true if threshold is non-negative
+   */
+  public boolean isEnabled() {
+    return slowBlockThresholdMs >= 0;


For me, if the instance of the tracer is created, then it is enabled. This is to avoid having checks and branches on different methods.
So these checks should be handled when the tracer is created in AbstractBlockProcessor.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T09:38:54Z

...ceptanceTest/java/org/hyperledger/besu/tests/acceptance/slowblock/model/ExpectedMetrics.java

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.


Suggested change

* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

* Copyright contributors to Besu.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T09:40:43Z

...c/acceptanceTest/java/org/hyperledger/besu/tests/acceptance/slowblock/model/TaggedBlock.java

@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.


Suggested change

* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

* Copyright contributors to Besu.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T09:45:58Z

...ceptanceTest/java/org/hyperledger/besu/tests/acceptance/slowblock/model/TransactionType.java

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.


Suggested change

* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

* Copyright contributors to Besu.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T09:46:00Z

...ceptanceTest/java/org/hyperledger/besu/tests/acceptance/slowblock/model/TransactionType.java

+ * Enum representing the different transaction types tested for slow block metrics validation. Each
+ * type targets specific metrics that should be triggered during block execution.
+ */
+public enum TransactionType {


I suggest to modify the name as we already have official transaction types (TransactionType class) in org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes package.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T09:46:42Z

.../org/hyperledger/besu/tests/acceptance/slowblock/report/SlowBlockMetricsReportGenerator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,660 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.


Suggested change

* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

* Copyright contributors to Besu.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T10:27:49Z

evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/tracing/ExecutionMetricsTracer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.


Suggested change

* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

* Copyright contributors to Besu.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T10:31:32Z

...ledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/parallelization/ParallelizedConcurrentTransactionProcessor.java

+              if (blockProcessingContext != null) {
+                final OperationTracer blockTracer = blockProcessingContext.getOperationTracer();
+                if (blockTracer != null) {
+                  mergeTracerResults(backgroundTracer, blockTracer);


I'm not to understand how does this work, @matkt could you take a look as well.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T10:33:19Z

...ledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/parallelization/ParallelizedConcurrentTransactionProcessor.java

+    if (tracer instanceof ExecutionMetricsTracer) {
+      return Optional.of((ExecutionMetricsTracer) tracer);
+    } else if (tracer instanceof TracerAggregator) {
+      return ((TracerAggregator) tracer).findTracer(ExecutionMetricsTracer.class);


ExecutionMetricsTracer is an attribute of the SlowBlockTracer that is visible here. Can this findTracer method find ExecutionMetricsTracer ?

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T10:38:57Z

ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/ExecutionMetricsTracer.java

+public class ExecutionMetricsTracer implements BlockAwareOperationTracer, OperationTracer {
+
+  private ExecutionStats executionStats;
+  private final org.hyperledger.besu.evm.tracing.ExecutionMetricsTracer evmMetricsTracer;


This is confusing for me to have 2 tracers with the same name, different packages and one of them referencing the other one on the same feature. I would change the EVM one to EVMExecutionMetricsTracer.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T10:40:17Z

ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/ExecutionMetricsTracer.java

+ *
+ * <p>This tracer collects detailed statistics about block execution including timing, state access
+ * patterns, cache performance, and EVM operation counts. The collected metrics are made available
+ * via thread-local storage for other components to access.


Is this comment still correct ? I don't see threadLocal variables.

ahamlat · 2026-02-23T10:46:46Z

@macfarla Could elaborate on the role of these two flags :

--enable-execution-metrics
--slow-block-threshold

I would like to understand for example what is the use case of enabling metrics with --enable-execution-metrics , without having the slow block threshold.

macfarla and others added 14 commits February 17, 2026 10:28

read tracking in state layer

7a49bc7

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

500ms default for testing

2059e04

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

use cli option everywhere

1fd91f7

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:hyperledger/besu into feature/execu…

5f85026

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

truncate decimal values in logs

d68e23c

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

move persist

1cc9fee

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

state_read_ms

6cfc70d

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

gas used

a01c659

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:hyperledger/besu into feature/execu…

b1bdbf9

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

handle slow tracer background tracer

db89b64

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:hyperledger/besu into feature/execu…

7daa67e

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:hyperledger/besu into feature/execu…

04d42b9

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

formatting imports

ef037ad

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

macfarla mentioned this pull request Feb 18, 2026

core: standardize slow block JSON output for cross-client metrics #9660

Closed

macfarla added 6 commits February 18, 2026 12:10

test mock fix

4d6988d

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:hyperledger/besu into feature/execu…

ce5da33

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

config toml fix

003365d

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

fix AT

bb8eebc

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:hyperledger/besu into feature/execu…

3d88ad5

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

fix toml test file

24f967c

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

macfarla marked this pull request as ready for review February 18, 2026 05:46

Copilot AI review requested due to automatic review settings February 18, 2026 05:46

Copilot AI reviewed Feb 18, 2026

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ahamlat reviewed Feb 18, 2026

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ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/AbstractBlockProcessor.java Show resolved Hide resolved

ahamlat reviewed Feb 18, 2026

View reviewed changes

...eum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/BlockAwareTracerAggregator.java Outdated Show resolved Hide resolved

macfarla and others added 3 commits February 20, 2026 16:13

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:macfarla/besu into feature/executio…

70311c0

…n-metrics-standardization-rebased

remove delegate pattern

5c90a96

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Add tracer type to block processing log; generalize EIP-7702 test mes…

1bf8a25

…sage Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com> Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

macfarla added 5 commits February 20, 2026 18:50

generalise regex

1ab105f

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

formatting

698432f

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:hyperledger/besu into feature/execu…

13458d9

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:hyperledger/besu into feature/execu…

d54a0f9

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

Merge branch 'main' of github.com:hyperledger/besu into feature/execu…

ed2b6ce

…tion-metrics-standardization-rebased

macfarla self-assigned this Feb 23, 2026

avoid precompile address range in test

0d40e84

Signed-off-by: Sally MacFarlane <macfarla.github@gmail.com>

ahamlat reviewed Feb 23, 2026

View reviewed changes

		// Persist before traceEndBlock so that state root calculation (trie cache lookups,
		// state_hash_ms timing) occurs while ExecutionStatsHolder is still set on this thread.

		@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
		/*
		* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

	* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.
	* Copyright contributors to Besu.

		@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
		/*
		* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

		@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
		/*
		* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

		@@ -0,0 +1,660 @@
		/*
		* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

		@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
		/*
		* Copyright contributors to Hyperledger Besu.

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macfarla commented Feb 18, 2026

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ahamlat commented Feb 23, 2026

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